2010

Bessarab A. V., Gorbunov A. A., Martsovenko D. I., Starodubtsev V. A., Sungatullin R. R.   Recording the energy spectrum and time characteristics of laser - plasma electrons   //   Instruments and Experimental Techniques. 2010. Т. 53. № 2. С. 258 - 261.

Russian Federal Nuclear Center ( VNIIEF ), Sarov, Russia

The design of small spectrometers of laser - plasma electrons with energies in the range 1 - 1000 keV is described. A technique for calibrating spectrometers is presented. The results of measuring an electron spectrum in a laser experiment performed with these spectrometers are presented.

Antipov Yu. M.^a, Afonin A. G.^a, Vasilevskii A. V.^a, Gusev I. A.^a, Demyanchuk V. I.^a, Zyat'Kov O. V.^a, Ignashin N. A.^a, Karshev Yu. G.^a, Larionov A. V.^a, Maksimov A. V.^a, Matyushin A. A.^a, Minchenko A. V.^a, Mikheev M. S.^a, Mirgorodskii V. A.^a, Peleshko V. N.^a, Rud'Ko V. D.^a, Terekhov V. I.^a, Tyurin N. E.^a, Fedotov Yu. S.^a, Trutnev Yu. A.^b, Burtsev V. V.^b, Volkov A. A.^b, Ivanin I. A.^b, Kartanov S. A.^b, Kuropatkin Y. P.^b, Mikhailov A. L.^b, Mikhailyukov K. L.^b, Oreshkov O. V.^b, Rudnev A. V.^b, Spirov G. M.^b, Syrunin M. A.^b, Tatsenko M. V.^b, Tkachenko I. A.^b, Khramov I. V.^b   A radiographic facility for the 70 - gev proton accelerator of the institute for high energy physics   //   Instruments and Experimental Techniques. 2010. Т. 53. № 3. С. 319 - 326.

^a Institute for High Energy Physics, Moscow oblast, Protvino.
^b Russian Federal Nuclear Center ( VNIIEF ), Sarov, Nizhnii Novgorod Region, Russia

A radiographic facility for the 70 - GeV  proton a ccelerator of the Institute for High Energy Physics is described. The available infrastructure in the initial straight part of the injection channel is used in the facility. The 100 – mm - diameter lenses of the injection line are intended for transportation of the proton beam from the U - 70 accelerator to the accelerating - storage complex. The facility has been designed only for an energy of  50  GeV  with a view field of 60 mm and used for imaging of samples with an optical density of  > 300 g/cm²  in the presence of some losses in the line. The optical resolution of the facility is  0,25 mm.  A set of experiments aimed at multiframe recording of fast processes were conducted on the facility in  2004 - 2008.  Small - sized explosion - proof chambers, as well as the measuring system for monitoring the state of the chamber and environment, were used in the dynamic experiments.

Piskunov N. V., Sinyapkin Yu. T., Protopopov N. A., Kul'Gavchuk V. M.  Physical prerequisites, mechanisms, and kinetics of formation of   Pd₂⁺  molecular complexes in metallic palladium   //   Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics. 2010. Т. 83. № 1. С. 209 - 212.

Russian Federal Nuclear Center ( VNIIEF ), Sarov, Russia

The issue of whether Pd₂⁺ molecular complexes can be formed in metallic palladium has been considered. It has been shown that in the structure of the face - centered cubic palladium crystal lattice, there are the energy and geometric prerequisites for the formation, from the atoms at the centers of adjacent lattice faces, of  Pd₂⁺  molecular complexes with a hole in the  4d  shell of one atom. The average content of these complexes and holes per palladium atom has been evaluated. Possible mechanism and kinetics of formation of  Pd₂⁺  molecular complexes in metallic palladium have been considered.

Varlamova L. P.^a, Cherkasov V. K.^a, Domrachev G. A.^a, Obedkov A. M.^a, Semenov N. M.^a, Egorov V. A.^a, Kaverin B. S.^a, Kirillov A. I.^a, Ryabov S. A.^b, Izvozchikova V. A.^b, Pikulin I. V.^c, Drozhzhin V. S.^c, Khovrin A. N.^c  Physicomechanical properties of polyurethane foam filled with pyrolytic chromium coated aluminosilicate ash microspheres  //   Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry. 2010. Т. 83. № 3. С. 492 - 496.

^a Razuvaev Institute of Organ metallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhni Novgorod
^b Lobachevsky Nizhni Novgorod State University, Nizhni Novgorod
^с Russian Federal Nuclear Center ( VNIIEF ), Sarov, Nizhnii Novgorod Region, Russia

The possibility of depositing pyrolytic chromium on the surface of aluminosilicate ash microspheres and preparing rigid polyurethane foam filled with aluminosilicate ash microspheres was examined. The physicomechanical properties of the materials obtained were studied.

Chubykalo A. E.a, Espinoza A.a, Kosyakov B. P.b  Self - dual electromagnetic fields   //   American Journal of Physics. 2010. Т. 78. № 8. С. 858 - 861.

^a Escuela de Fisica, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Apartado Postal C - 580, Zacatecas, Mexico
^b Russian Federal Nuclear Center ( VNIIEF ), Sarov, Nizhnii Novgorod Region, Russia

We demonstrate the utility of self - dual fields in electrodynamics. Stable configurations of free electromagnetic fields can be represented as superpositions of standing waves, each possessing zero Poynting vector and zero orbital angular momentum. The standing waves are themselves superpositions of self - dual and anti – self - dual solutions. The idea of self - duality provides additional insights into the geometrical and spectral properties of stable electromagnetic configurations, such as those responsible for the formation of ball lightning.

Selemir V. D., Demidov V. A., Boriskin A. S., Bulyichev S. V., Vlasov Y. V., Garipov R. M., Golosov S. N., Kazakov S. A., Kazakova N. R., Kutumov S. V., Romanov A. P., Toropova T. A., Shapovalov E. V., Schetnikov E. I., Yanenko V. A.   Disk magneto cumulative generator of 480 - mm diameter for explosive emir facility   //   IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 2010. Т. 38. № 8 PART 1. С. 1762 - 1767.

Russian Federal Nuclear Center ( VNIIEF ), Sarov, Russia

The first test of a disk magneto cumulative generator ( DMCG  ) with high explosive charges of  480 mm  diameter was carried out in the frameworks of a program on creation of an explosive EMIR facility, intended for high - power soft  X - ray  radiation pulses generation. The generator consists of five disk elements. The inductive load was equal  to ~ 7 nH. The generator was twice larger than model DMCG240, successfully tested earlier. A comparison of calculation and experimental results is carried out.

Boriskin A. S., Vlasov Y. V., Toropova T. A., Demidov V. A., Kazakov S. A., Shapovalov E. V.   Calculation studies of operational faults of multielement disk mcg   //   IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 2010. Т. 38. № 8 PART 1. С. 1803 - 1807.

Russian Federal Nuclear Center ( VNIIEF ), Sarov, Russia

A calculation simulation of multielement disk magnetocumulative systems is carried out. Effect of failure of one or several detonators in a system of high - explosive ( HE ) charge initiation and axial shift of the detonators relative to a symmetry plane of the HE charges on the operation efficiency of the multielement disk magnetocumulative generator is considered. The considered models allow explaining the results of the experiments in the case of similar situations.

Garanin S. F., Kuznetsov S. D., Atchison W. L., Reinovsky R. E., Awe T. J., Bauer B. S., Fuelling S., Lindemuth I. R., Siemon R. E.   Numerical simulations of thick – aluminum - wire behavior under megaampere - current drive  //   IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 2010. Т. 38. № 8 PART 1. С. 1815 - 1821.

Russian Federal Nuclear Center ( VNIIEF ), Sarov, Russia

A series of experiments to study the behavior of thick wires (  0,5 - 2 mm in diameter  ) driven by currents of about 1 MA has recently been conducted on the Zebra facility at the University of Nevada, Reno. The objective of these experiments was to study plasma formation on the surface of conductors under the influence of mega gauss magnetic fields. Laser shadowgraphy, filtered optical and extreme ultraviolet photodiodes, and extreme ultraviolet spectroscopy used in the experiments provided data on radial expansion of wires and on plasma radiation. This paper focuses on numerical simulations of these experiments. Simulations with wires having diameters up to 1,6 mm  demonstrated plasma formation with temperatures above  3 eV, which is in preliminary agreement with the experiment. For  2 mm  diameter wires, although plasma can be observed in the simulations, it has substantially smaller optical thickness than in the simulations of the smaller diameter wires, and the radiation fluxes prove to be much lower. This can shed light on the experimental results where the radiation of the  2 mm wires was very weak. The simulated time dependences of the wire radii agree rather well with the experimental results obtained using laser diagnostics and visible - light imaging. The experimental data of the photodiodes also agree well with the simulated time dependence of the detected radiation.

Garanin S. F.  Surface discharges in strong magnetic fields   //   IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 2010. Т. 38. № 8 PART 1. С. 1850 - 1855.

Russian Federal Nuclear Center ( VNIIEF ), Sarov, Russia

In studying a number of processes, such as plasma confinement by magnetic field and magnetized - plasma confinement with walls, magnetic implosion of liners transiting to the plasma state during electric explosion, liner compression of magnetized plasma, magnetic - flux transfer through the insulator surface, etc., one needs to take into account surface discharges induced by magnetic - flux transfer toward the plasma or insulator ( H - pressed discharge ) or out of the insulator ( H - thrown discharge ). These discharges cause magnetic flux and energy losses ( in the H - pressed discharge ) or limit the energy fluxes delivered to the system and can lead to hydrogen plasma contamination with the insulator material ( in the H - thrown discharge ). The problem of magnetized - plasma cooling at the condensed matter/plasma interface is related to the H - pressed discharge problem. Such a problem as strong magnetic field diffusion into metal, which is very important for mega gauss field generation and various applications, can also be attributed to the surface - discharge problems. If a metal is in contact with dense magnetized plasma, surface discharges may occur near their interface, where the metal may explode and become plasma. This paper presents the classification and the overview of the mentioned surface discharges in strong magnetic fields and considers general and specific features of these discharges.

Mochalov M. A., Zhernokletov M. V., Il'Kaev R. I., Mikhailov A. L., Mezhevov A. B., Kovalev A. E., Kirshanov S. I., Grigor'Eva Yu. A., Novikov M. G., Shuikin A. N., Fortov V. E., Iosilevskiy I. L., Gryaznov V. K.   Measurement of density, temperature, and electrical conductivity of a shock - compressed nonideal nitrogen plasma in the megabar pressure range   //   Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics. 2010. Т. 110. № 1. С. 67 - 80.

Russian Federal Nuclear Center ( VNIIEF ), Sarov, Russia

Kinematic and thermodynamic parameters of shock - compressed liquid nitrogen are measured behind the front of a plane shock wave using plane wave and hemispherical shock wave generators. In these experiments, high values of compression parameters ( shock-compressed hydrogen density p ≈ 3,25 g/cm³ and temperature T ≈ 56000 K at a pressure of P ≈ 265 GPa ) are attained. The density, pressure, temperature, and electrical conductivity of the nonideal plasma of shock-compressed liquid nitrogen are measured. A nearly isochoric behavior of the nitrogen shock adiabat is observed in the pressure range  P = 100 - 300 GPa. The thermodynamics of shock - compressed nitrogen is an alyzed using the model of the equation of state in the quasi - chemical representation ( SAHA code ) as well as the semiempirical wide - range equation of state developed at the Institute of Experimental Physics. Experimental results are interpreted on the basis of calculations as the fixation of the boundary of transition of shock - compressed nitrogen from the polymer phase to the state of strongly nonideal plasma at  P ≈ 100 GPa,  p ≈ 3,4 g/cm³.