Vol. 17/2012

SECTION 7

Experimental and Calculated Determination of Dose Characteristics of a Standard γ-Radiation Source

A. V. Grunin, Ye. N. Donskoy, A. N. Zalyalov, G. A. Ivanov, K. N. Kovshov, S. A. Lazarev, O. N. Petrushin, M. D. Tarasov

The comparison of absorbed dose in a calorimeter to the calculations realized by Monte-Carlo method was performed on a reference source of ⁶⁰Co γ-radiation exposure dose. It is demonstrated that if the initial spectrum of γ-radiation is known with high accuracy, then, in accordance with a mathematical model of particles and gamma-quanta interaction with substance one can calculate the absorbed dose in a detector or exposure dose in air

with a several percent error. This makes it possible to develop an experiment-computation method of transmitting the size of exposure dose units and its power from a static source to operation instruments and pulsed bremsstrahlung sources.

Recording the Energy Spectrum and Time Characteristics of Laser-Plasma Electrons

A. V. Bessarab, A. A. Gorbunov, D. I. Martsovenko, V. A. Starodubtsev, R. R. Sungatullin

The design of small spectrometers of laser-plasma electrons with energies in the range 1–1000 keV is described. A technique for calibrating spectrometers is presented. The results of measuring an electron spectrum in a laser experiment performed with these spectrometers are presented.

Opt Heterodyne Velocity Measurements of Several High-Speed Objects

V. K. Baranov, A. G. Golubinsky, D. A. Irinitchev, S. N. Styopushkin, V. Yu. Khatunkin

The opportunity of using the opt heterodyne method for synchronous time measurement of several high-speed objects velocity was demonstrated experimentally by the example of pneumatically accelerated bullet. The measurement test bench included the following: pneumatic pistol, shooting with spherical bullets at different targets; fiber-optic laser with probing radiation wavelength of 1550 nm; collimator, forming the probe beam geometry; photodiode and oscillograph, recording radiations, reflected from the objects under research. The bullet acceleration within the pistol barrel; the bullet travel  in the air and  its braking in the process of hitting some obstacles; motion of the obstacles after the bullet impact were experimentally investigated. The bullet velocity maximal value was up to 100 m/s. Relative error of velocity, measured with the method, presented in the report, can be estimated as ~1 %.

SPPD29-Detector for Subnanosecond X-Ray Pulse Registration

S. L. Elyash, A. V. Rodigin, T. V. Loiko, A. I. Polyakov, S. V. Кapitanov

The paper presents the specificaisions and fabrication techniques for detectors made
of molded cadmium telluride. The sensivity range of such detectors is ~ (1–5)·10^–19 А·сm²·s/quantum. SPPD29k and SPPD29-02 detectors have been calibrated with subnanosecond pulses of X-ray from SPIN-2 accelerator. The measured pulse durations are t_0.5 = 0.29 ns and t_0.5 = 0.47 ns, respectively. The waveform of X-ray pulse from ARSA accelerator has been recorded.

SECTION 8

The Arguments to Substantiate Feasibility of the Calculated Model, Simulating the Process of Dynamic Fracture of Metals

R. I. Il’kayev, V. T. Punin, A. Ya. Uchaev, N. I. Sel’chenkova, L. A. Platonova, E. V. Kosheleva, E. A. Veselova, L. V. Zhabyka

The paper presents the hierarchic model of fracture, which establishes the time versus critical pressure dependence, resulting in metal fracture. Thus, certain kinetic processes, responsible for dynamic fracture of metals in durability range t ~ 10^–6–10^–10 s were expressed by mathematical means. The ratios for the density of fracture centers and speed of center formation were calculated, both parameters specifying the time limit for preservation of the functional properties of metals under extreme conditions.

Promising HE for Explosive Welding of thin Metallic Foils

L. A. Andreevskikh, O. B. Drennov, A. L. Mikhailov, N. N. Titova

The authors present experimental researches for development of new mix high explosives based on powerful secondary high explosive (RDX, PETN) and inert «diluent», namely, sodium bicarbonate, which has a large gas phase during thermal decomposition. Velocity of detonation of high explosive at average apparent density of ~1 g/cm³ and critical thickness of the detonating layer were measured. Compositions were developed, which have stable detonation velocity of ~2 km/s at the layer thickness of ~2 mm.

Shadow Photography Method of Recording the Ejecta Produced from Shocked Samples

V. A. Ogorodnikov, A. L. Mikhailov, V. V. Burtsev, S. A. Lobastov, S. V. Erunov, A. V. Romanov, A. V. Rudnev, E. V. Kulakov, Yu. B. Bazarov, V. V. Glushikhin, I. A. Kalashnik, V. A. Tsyganov, B. I. Tkachenko

In this work with the help of high-speed electrooptical CCD camera and laser brightening with 4 ns pulse duration by means of shadow photography method we succeeded in visualizing the details of the process of ejecting of particles of 20–200 mkm in diameter with velocities of ~1,0–1,5 km/s produced from the free surface of lead and steel samples having free-surface roughness from Rz 5 to Rz 40 after the reflection of a shock wave with amplitude of 15 and 27 GPa respectively, ejecta size spectrum and typical velocities were determined.

Explosion Resistance of a Steel Cylindrical Shell

V. A. Ryzhanskii, M. A. Syrunin

This paper gives an overview of experimental data on the behavior of steel cylindrical shells filled with water or air and repeatedly loaded by an explosion from inside, up to failure. Semi-empirical formulas are obtained which provide fairly easy and reliable estimates of the main parameters of impulsive deformation of the shells within experimental scatter.

SECTION 9

Thermodynamic Analysis of Burning Processes in SVS Systems Based on Complex Hydrides

A. Yu. Postnikov

The paper presents the results of thermodynamic analysis of interactive processes, taking place in sodium borane – metal oxide system, generating oxygen in burning mode. Adiabatic temperatures of burning were calculated, allowing to estimate the prospects of the reaction to occur in a self-propagating mode. The equilibrium composition of the products of burning was calculated to be able to specify the formulation of the optimum composition, which could yield the desired heat emission and hydrogen release values. The experiments with the resulting systems demonstrated the ability to generate the specified volume of pure hydrogen in the process of burning.

Oxidation of Mechanically Dispersed Titanium Hydride

A. Yu. Postnikov, V. N. Loshkarev, D. V. Chulkov, A. A. Potekhin, A. I. Tarasova, A. V. Stengach, I. K. Kremzukov, L. Yu. Sokolova, A. V. Tikhiy, V. V. Ivanov

The kinetics of the dispersed titanium hydride was studied alongside with the effect, the structural and chemical changes in the dispersed powder impose on the reactive capacity of the same with respect to atmospheric oxygen in the mode of multi-thermal oxidation. It was shown, that at the initial stage of dispersion the reactive capacity of hydride changes more explicitly than at the follow-up crushing stage. With the level of dispersion increased the energy state of the sample changes in general and, as a consequence, changes in temperature characteristics of thermal conversion of titanium hydride are observed.

Influence of Some Technology Factors on Thermal Stability of Hydride of Titanium

A. N. Golubkov

It is shown, that thermal stability of hydride of titanium grows with increase of temperature at which hydride has been obtained. Kinetic parameters of process of decomposition of hydride are given depending on temperature of its synthesis.

It is shown, that after processing titanium in a ball grinder thermal stability of hydride obtained from it drops, occurs low-temperature area of desorption of the hydrogen, absent for the hydride prepared from titanium raw in a ball grinder. The quantity of hydrogen allocated in the field of low temperatures increases about increase in intensity of processing of titanium in a ball grinder, and the temperature of its excretion and the quantity of heat required for excretion of hydrogen, drop. Presumably, in the field of low temperatures the hydrogen which is taking place in interstices of a crystal lattice of metal which distorted precipitates out or is in a stressed state.

It is shown, that thermal stability of the hydride prepared from titanium processed in a ball grinder, it is possible to increase annealing of hydride in the environment of hydrogen.

Temperature and Time Optimization for Tritium Redistribution in Titanium for its Further Disposal

A. I. Tarasova, A. V. Sten’gach, V. N. Golubeva, I. M. Mironova

Temperature-time mode for a homogenous distribution of tritium inside of titanium «trap», intended for safe disposal of hydrogen isotopes mixture containing tritium, has been chosen by on the experimental basis. Heating temperature is 500 °C, the duration of heating at this temperature is not less than one hour.

Equilibrium Pressures of Titanium Over Titanium Tritide

V. N. Golubeva, A. V. Sten’gach

The equilibrium pressures of protium and tritium over titanium hydride and tritide prepared from titanium sponge are giver correspondingly. The equilibrium pressures were measured at 673 and 773 K in the range of H/Ti or T/Ti atomic ratios from 0.02 to 1.8.

Immobilization of High-Level Tritium-Containing Radioactive Water for Subsequent Disposal

A. V. Sten’gach, V. N. Golubeva, A. I. Tarasova

The results for the investigation of a possibility for immobilization of high-activity water containing tritium into the crystallohydrate composition (phosphoric ceramics) are represented in the work. The measurements of activity of air environment over crystallohydrate composition containing water with 4.1·10¹¹ Bq/l (11 Ci/l) specific activity of tritium are presented. The measurements of air environment activity had been conducted for more than two years.

Application of Nanoporous Carbon and Hydride-Forming Metals for Detritiation of Structural Materials

A. V. Stengach, V. N. Golubeva, N. T. Kazakovsky, O. B. Maslennikova, A. P. Purieva, A. I. Tarasova

On the base of carried out investigations the following proposals have been offered: the principle scheme for the transfer of large-size high-activity radioactive wastes into the low-activity radioactive wastes category by a removal of hydrogen isotopes; the method of hydrogen isotopes transfer into bonded state for their subsequent disposal as high-activity radioactive wastes.

Investigation of Mechanical Properties and Hydrogen Resistance of CrNi40MoCuTiAl Alloy Containing to 250 appm ³He

I. Е. Boitsov, A. Yu. Baurin, S. K. Grishechkin, I. L. Malkov, Ye. V. Shevnin, A. A. Yukhimchuk

Being presented are the results of study of the effect produced by hydrogen (at pressure 80 MPa), radiogenic ³He (with concentration to 250 appm), and their combined impact on the mechanical properties of alloy CrNi40MoCuTiAl in temperature range 20–600 °С. It was shown that the combined action of dissolved and external hydrogen on alloy do not have significantly affect strength characteristics, but embrittles alloy in temperature range from 200 to 500 °С with maximal reduction in plasticity at 300 °С. Saturation of alloy with ³He by «tritium trick» technique causes significantly reduction of alloy plasticity at all test temperatures. As the temperature and ³Не concentration increase, adverse effect of ³Не on the alloy plasticity increases. It has been shown that joint effect of ³He and hydrogen has stronger influence on mechanical properties of alloy than hydrogen or ³He independently and can not be represented as the result of a simple summation of helium and hydrogen embrittlement.

Mathematical Modeling of Physical-Chemical Processes in the Metal Hydride Fuel Tank

V. V. Popov

At present the metal hydride fuel tank use is one of the promising methods of hydrogen storage on vehicle board. The developers of these devices should take into account limitation conditioned by physical-chemical properties of the metal hydride used. The mathematical modeling of the processes which occur in this hydrogen storage equipments allow us to choose more effective design of the specific device, to optimize the structural elements and to choose the operating conditions. The mathematical model and some computation are presented in article.

The work has been performed with financial support of ISTC, the project № 3655.

EQUILIBRIUM PRESSURE OF HYDROGEN ISOTOPES OVER ZR_1–XTI_XCO_0,5NI_0,5  ALLOYS

S. V. Demina, A. I. Vedeneev, M. V. Glagolev

Hydrogenous characteristics of Zr_1–xTi_xCo_0,5Ni_0,5 (x = 0,1; 0,2) alloys have been studied by the method of plotting equilibrium pressure isotherms. There were measured alloy’s absorption abilities at the room temperature, equilibrium pressure isotherms of hydrogen isotopes (hydrogen and deuterium) within the temperature range
(20–100) °С, and hysteresis effect of equilibrium pressures.

Based on the data obtained we have calculated constants for equations describing dependence of equilibrium desorption pressures of alloys hydrides (deuterides) verses reciprocal temperature and the enthalpy and entropy values of alloys hydrides (deuterides) decomposition.

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